美文示范
M16——恒星诞生的支柱
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During an interview with China News Network, Michael Schumann, chairman of the Board of the German Federal Association for Economic Development and Foreign Trade, noted that the EU’s decision to impose definitive countervailing duties on Chinese-made electric vehicles will bring loss to everyone.
He stressed that Chinese carmakers adopt the best technology at the moment, and the competition between Chinese carmakers and European carmakers will drive innovation in Europe. However, the countervailing duties will seriously hit European carmakers, and that will be transferred to the consumer, leading to high prices of electric cars that will not lower. “It will not lead us to a faster transition to green mobility,” Schumann concluded. (Chen Tianhao)
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尿路上皮癌有哪些危险因素和高危人群?邢念增介绍,吸烟是导致尿路上皮癌最常见的危险因素,可使膀胱癌危险率增加2倍至4倍,这也是男性发病率高于女性的最主要原因。烟草中的苯环类物质通过肾脏代谢到膀胱后,对膀胱尿路上皮造成长期慢性刺激,导致癌变发生。此外,与化工类产品的接触也是导致尿路上皮癌的高危因素。
然而,即便在癌症早期,仍有约50%的患者最终会发展为肌层浸润性膀胱癌,甚至发生转移。而肌层浸润性膀胱癌的治疗则更为复杂,往往需要全膀胱切除。不过,也可以通过膀胱切除术取得根治,并通过药物综合治疗预防复发,这两方面近年来也都有很多的进展。例如,更微创的腹腔镜和机器人技术可以减少创伤和并发症、尽可能保留患者的正常泌尿功能;免疫治疗药物——纳武利尤单抗在术后辅助治疗中的III期研究也取得了成功星空无限传媒官网下载,证实可以大大降低患者的术后复发和死亡风险。2021年,《CSCO尿路上皮癌诊疗指南(2021版)》将纳武利尤单抗辅助治疗方案纳入了推荐。
他称,传统的一线治疗多为含铂化疗,但疗效有限,且副作用较大。免疫治疗的出现为患者带来了新希望,不过,仍有部分患者对免疫治疗不敏感或耐药。去年年底,III期研究CheckMate-901公布了结果,首次证实了纳武利尤单抗联合化疗的方案疗效显著优于顺铂化疗,可为尿路上皮癌一线患者带来显著的总生存期(OS)与无进展生存期(PFS)获益,且对于仅有淋巴结转移的患者疗效尤为突出,超六成患者的肿瘤完全消失。